CPU

CPU is the abbreviation for Central Processing Unit. Sometimes referred to simply as the Central Processors, but more commonly called processor, the CPU is the brains of the computer where most calculations take place. In terms of computing power, the CPU is the most important element of a computer system.

On large machines, the CPU requires one or more printed circuit board. On personal computers and small work stations, the CPU is housed in a single chip called microprocessors. Since the 1970's the microprocessor class of CPUs has almost completely overtaken all other CPU implementations.

The CPU itself is an internal component of the computer. Modern CPUs are small and square and contain multiple metallic connectors or pins on the underside. The CPU is inserted directly into a CPU socket, pin side down, on the motherboard.

Each motherboard will support only a specific type (or range) of CPU, so you must check the motherboard manufacturer's specifications before attempting to replace or upgrade a CPU in your computer. Modern CPUs also have an attached heat sink and small fan that go directly on top of the CPU to help dissipate heat.

Computer Monitor

Monitor: The monitor displays the video and graphics information generated by the computer through the Video Card. Monitors are very similar to televisions but usually display information at a much higher resolution.

Important Monitor Facts:

A monitor, no matter the type, connects to either an HDMI, DVI, or VGA port on the computer. Before investing in a new monitor, make sure that both devices support the same type of connection.

Monitors are not typically user serviceable.

Monitor Description : Monitors are display devices external to the computer case and connect via a cable to a port on the video card or motherboard. Even though the monitor sits outside the main computer housing, it is an essential part of the complete system.

Terms in GSM (Global system for Mobile Communication)

MS : Mobile Station
BSS : Base Station Subsystem
MSS : Mobile Switching Subsystem
OMC: Operation and Maintenance Center
BSC : Base Station Controller
BTS : Base Transceiver Station
MSC : Mobile Switching Center
VLR : Visitor Location Register
HLR : Home Location Register
AUC : Authentication Center
EIR : Equipment Identity Register
SC : Short message Center
SIM : Subscriber Identification Module
SMS: Short Message Service
PIN : Personal Identification Number
PUK : Pin Unlock Key
GPRS : General Packet Radio System
MMS : Multimedia Message Service
MSISDN : Mobile Subscriber Integrated Services Digital Network Number.
IMSI : International Mobile Subscriber Identification Number
MCC : Mobile Country Code
MNC : Mobile Network Code

Mobile Communication

Hello .......where are you a person called to his wife.......but it is possible only with cell phone i.e Mobile phone. Today a person can carry whole world in the small pocket. Its called the modern world where nothing is impossible...............................................

Evolution of GSM Mobile Communication:

1. Mobile communication existed half a century ago, but it was in the 1980's that it was really developed.
2. The main goal of mobile communication is to realize communication among any objects at any time, and in any place.

Land Cellular mobile communication system has gone through 3 stages:
a. First Generation (Analog Mobile Telephone System)
b. Second Generation (Digital Mobile Communication System)
c. Third Generation (Digital Mobile focused on Data)

Motherboard and Hard Disks

Motherboard:
I compare board like a plate where many foods are served to serve the consumer to eat. I mean to say that it  is device where many hardware and other essential things that is used to make a computers are kept.
It is a simple electric kit having many lines called BUS, which is connected with different parts like RAM slot, PCI slot, Power button slot, CPU slot and so on. The whole computer is controlled by motherboard.

RAM: Random access Memory is the full form of RAM. The main function of RAM is to save the instruction at a time when the users give some instruction unless he saves the file to the disk path. It is just a medium or path to save the file in the disk. It is not a permanent saving device.

HARD DISK: It is the storage device where huge number of data can be saved. So, it can be considered as a brain of the computer.Hard disk are of different size from mb (Megabyte) to TB (Terabyte).

A single hard disk usually consists of several platters. Each platter requires two reas/write heads, one for each side. All the read/write heads are attached to a single access arm so that they cannot move independently. Each platter has the same number of tracks, and a track location that cuts across all platters is called a cylinders. For example, a typical 84 megabyte hard disk for a PC might have two platters (four sides) and 1,053 cylinders.

In general, hard disks are less portable than floppies, although it is possible to buy Removable Hard Disks

Hardware and Software

Hardware and Software:

Hardware is anything that helps the computer to run the software. It refers to objects that you can actually touch, like disks, disk drives, RAM, PCI slots, VGA Chips, display screens, keyboards, printers, motherboards, and chips. In contrast, software is untouchable. Software exists as ideas, concepts, and symbols, but it has no substance. Books provide a useful analogy. The pages and the ink are the hardware, while the words, sentences, paragraphs, and the overall meaning are the software. A computer without software is like a book full of blank pages, you need software to make the computer useful just as you need words to make a book meaningful.Operating system, Programs like MSWORD, MSEXCEL, ORACLE, FREEHAND are some examples of software.

The distinction between software and hardware is sometimes confusing because they are so integrally linked. Clearly, when you purchase a program, you are buying software. But to buy the software, you need to buy the Disk (hardware) on which the software is recorded.

History of Computer 2:

History of computer continues.....    

Fifth Generation (Present and Beyond) Artificial Intelligence:

Fifth generation computing devices, based on Artificial Intelligence, are still in development, though there are some applications, such as Voice Recognition, that are being used today. The use of Parallel Processing and superconductors is helping to make artificial intelligence a reality.  Quantum Computation and molecular and Nanotechnology will radically change the face of computers in years to come. The goal of fifth-generation computing is to develop devices that respond to natural language input and are capable of learning and self-organization.

Above are the history of computers that shows how the needs a big room in initial stage and how the computer change its size in this present world

History of Computer

History of computer continues.....

Third Generation (1964-1971) Integrated Circuits:

The development of the Integrated Circuit now popularly known as IC was the hallmark of the third generation of computers. Transistors were miniaturized and placed on Silicon Chips, called semi conductors, which drastically increased the speed and efficiency of computers.

Instead of punched cards and printouts, users interacted with third generation computers through Keyboards and monitors and interfaces with an operating System (OS), which allowed the device to run many different applications at one time with a central program that monitored the memory. Computers for the first time became accessible to a mass audience because they were smaller and cheaper than their predecessors.

Fourth Generation (1971-Present) Microprocessors:

The micro processors brought the fourth generation of computers, as thousands of integrated circuits were built onto a single silicon chip. What in the first generation filled an entire room could now fit in the palm of the hand. The Intel 4004 chip, developed in 1971, located all the components of the computer—from the Central Processing Unit (CPU) and memory to input/output controls—on a single chip.

In 1981 IBM introduced its first computer for the home user, and in 1984 Apple introduced the Macintosh. Microprocessors also moved out of the realm of desktop computers and into many areas of life as more and more everyday products began to use microprocessors.

As these small computers became more powerful, they could be linked together to form networks, which eventually led to the development of the Internet. Fourth generation computers also saw the development of GUIs, the mouse and handheld devices.

History of computer...

As we all know the present scenario of computer most of the users don't know the history of computer. So i want to describe some history of computer through this blog.

Well lets start with the generations of computers. As I know there are 5 generations of computers they are:

First Generation (1940-1956) Vacuum Tubes:

The first computers used vacuum tubes for circuitry and magnetic drums for memory, and were often enormous, taking up entire rooms. They were very expensive to operate and in addition to using a great deal of electricity, generated a lot of heat, which was often the cause of malfunctions.

First generation computers relied on machine language, the lowest-level programming language understood by computers, to perform operations, and they could only solve one problem at a time. Input was based on punched cards and paper tape, and output was displayed on printouts.

Second Generation (1956-1963) Transistors

Transistors replaced vacuum tubes and ushered in the second generation of computers. The transistor was invented in 1947 but did not see widespread use in computers until the late 1950s. The transistor was far superior to the vacuum tube, allowing computers to become smaller, faster, cheaper, more energy-efficient and more reliable than their first-generation predecessors. Though the transistor still generated a great deal of heat that subjected the computer to damage, it was a vast improvement over the vacuum tube. Second-generation computers still relied on punched cards for input and printouts for output.

Second-generation computers moved from cryptic binary machine language to symbolic, or assembly, languages, which allowed programmers to specify instructions in words. High level programming language were also being developed at this time, such as early versions of COBOL and FORTRAN. These were also the first computers that stored their instructions in their memory, which moved from a magnetic drum to magnetic core technology.

Computer

What is Computer?

In simple, Computer is a man made electronics device which accepts raw data and gives result in high speed. I read this definition when I was at grade 6. It was one of the boring subjects in my syllabus. As the time goes on I see the world has changed dramatically. In this world no one can live without computer and other gadgets.

Modern definition of computer depends upon the users. For musician computer is a tool to compose music, for engineer it is the device to trace the building, for the banker it is a device to calculate principles and interests etc. So, they may be different from each other.

A computer is a programmable machine. The two principal characteristics of a computer are: it responds to a specific set of instructions in a well-defined manner and it can extract a prerecorded list of instructions.